7月16日，陈士球大使应邀在印尼国防学院（NATIONAL RESILIENCE INSTITUTE OF RI）发表题为《加深相互了解，增进中印尼友谊》的演讲，全文如下：


            Enhancing Mutual Understanding and Promoting
                                               Sino-Indonesian Friendship
                         Speech in the National Resilience Institute of RI
                                          By H.E. Ambassador Chen Shiqiu
                                                          (July 16, 2001)


Instructors, cadets and friends,

It is a great pleasure for me to have this opportunity to meet everybody here. I am going to make a brief introduction on some basic facts about China, its foreign and defense polices as well as some issues of your concern.
 Part I.  A Brief Account of China
(I) A general picture of China
Located in East Asia, on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has a land area of about 9.6 million square km.
   From north to south, the territory of China measures some 5,500 km. From west to east, the nation extends about 5,200 km. China has 22,800-km-long land borders, with 15 contiguous countries. Across the seas to the east and southeast are South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.
   China enjoys a total maritime area of 4.73 million square km, with a total of 5,400 islands dot its vast territorial waters. The largest of these is Taiwan, with an area of about 36,000 square km.
    China, one of the world's most ancient civilizations, has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years. It has been nourished over the past five millenniums by a heritage that has great vitality and cohesion, which keeps the nation together.
   Ancient China boasted developed natural sciences and technology. It led the world in astronomy, agricultural science, medical science and mathematics as well as numerous inventions. It is estimated that by the 17th century, 75 percent of the world's inventions came from China. The four great inventions of papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass served as a catalyst to the rise of European civilization.
   As one of the world's four oldest civilizations, the traditional Chinese culture is the only ancient civilization that has survived to this day with continuity. During the long Medieval years, China was the leading civilization in the world. After the first century, the Chinese civilization began to spread to neighboring countries such as Korea, Vietnam, Japan and Southeast Asia, creating what has been known as a "sphere of Chinese civilization".  
    China is a united multi-ethnic nation of 56 ethnic groups. According to the fifth national census conducted in 2000, the Han people made up 91.59 percent of the country's total population, and the other 55 ethnic groups, 8.41 percent. Equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinese government in handling the relations between ethnic groups.
    Chinese is the most commonly used language in China, and one of the most commonly used languages in the world too.
     China is the most populous country in the world, with 1.29 billion people, about 22 percent of the world's total. Chinese government began implementing the policy of family planning, population control and population quality improvement in accordance with China's situation of being a large country with a poor economic foundation, a large population and little cultivated land, so as to promote the coordinated development of the economy, society, resources and environment. Now, China's natural population growth rate decreased 4 per thousand to 10 per thousand compared with the figure in the end of 1980s.
   China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-level system dividing the nation into provinces, counties, and townships. Now, China has 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities directly under the Central Government, and two special administrative regions.
 (II) China’s Reform，Opening-up and its Economic Development
The year 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese people have since rid themselves of humiliation and bullying by big powers, thus entering a new epoch in the Chinese history. Since 1978, guided by Mr.Deng Xiaoping’s theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, China has put economic construction as the central task and scored world-acknowledged achievements by constantly deepening reform and opening-up.
Our economic reform has first started in rural areas where rural population accounts for 71% of China’s total. The steady development in rural areas has laid a solid foundation for the overall economic development and social stability in China. At the same time, rural productive forces have been greatly released and the peasant’s living standard has been improved. All this has brought about vast changes in the countryside.
In 1992,we set forth a clear objective of building socialist market economic system in China, which marked a new stage in the course of our reform. In 1994,we adopted a series of major restructuring measures in finance, taxation, banking, foreign exchange, foreign trade, investment, pricing and enterprise institutions. In1995, we made remarkable achievements in macro-control with inflation being brought down and the rising rate of commodities’ retail prices of the whole year being controlled fewer than 15%.
China’s opening-up policy has been expanded from coastal to inland areas, currently shifting the focus on development to the western region. Thanks to the efforts of last decade and more, an all-dimensional opening pattern at various levels and in various forms covering primary, secondary and tertiary industries has taken shape.
   Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening-up, China has gained enormous achievements on political, economic, social and cultural fields. Chinese comprehensive strength and international status has heightened increasingly with political stability, economic development, ethnic harmony and cultural prosperity. Chinese people live and work in peace and contentment. In 2000, China’s economy shook off the unfavorable influence of the Asian financial crisis. The economic growth rate and business profits both resumed an upward trend as the macro and micro economy turned for the better. To the end of 2000, GDP reached 8861 billion RMB(US$1071.6 billion), up 8% over the previous year. The exchange rate of RMB keeps stable with foreign exchange reserve increased to USD165.6 billion by the end of 2000. The strategic restructure of state-owned enterprises has gained initial results. The export increased, with the annual total export and import volume reached US$474.3 billion(exports valued at US$249.2 billion, while imports totaled US$ 225.1 billion), the highest since 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was founded, according to statistics from the General Administration of Customs.
This year is the first year for China’s Tenth Five-year Plan(2001-2005). According to the Outline for the Long-term Objectives for 2010, China’s GNP will redouble that of 2000 by then, a relatively perfect socialist market economic system will come into being, social productive forces, overall national strength and the people’s living standard will increase by a big margin. The Chinese people are fully confident in and capable of making this cross-century blueprint come true.
  (Ⅲ)Strategy of Developing the Western Region of China
The western part of China is home to one-third of the country's administrative provinces and autonomous regions. It covers an area of 5.4 million square meters and has a combined population of over 280 million, making up 56 percent and 23 percent of the national total respectively. The region used to be described as "barren, remote, poor, large, valuable and beautiful." It lacks transportation facilities, and lags behind other parts of the country in terms of development and economy. The GNP per capita here accounts for just half of the average national level. But the west boasts vast stretches of land, abundant resources and beautiful scenery.

The top Chinese leader Jiang Zeming put forward the guidelines for accelerating the development of the west on June 17, 1999,stressing that a coordinated development between the population, resources, environment, and economy and society should be achieved by steps through inputs of domestic and overseas capital as well as technical personnel. On March 5, 2000, Premier Zhu Rongji pointed out in his government work report that to implement the strategy of developing the west is of great significance to expanding domestic demand, promoting sustained growth of the national economy and coordinated economic development between various regions, and finally to the achievement of a common prosperity.
   (Ⅳ)Taiwan Issue
    On Oct.1st, 1949, Chinese people achieved the great victory of New Democratism Revolution, thus founded the People’s Republic of China. Guo Ming Dang(i.e. National Democratic Party) fled to China’s Taiwan Province, confronting the Central Government with the support from foreign powers. That is how Taiwan Issue comes into being.
Settlement of the Taiwan issue and realization of the complete re-unification of China embodies the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. The Chinese government upholds the basic principle of "peaceful reunification, and one country, two systems" for settling the Taiwan issue. The Chinese government has consistently adhered to the one-China principle and will never give in or compromise on the fundamental issues concerning state sovereignty and territorial integrity. The new leader of Taiwan rejects “One China”.  They even advocate “Two Chinas” or “One China, One Taiwan”in the international community. Taiwan has purchased a large amount of advanced weapons, trying to reject reunification by forces. By doing so, they have the cross-straits dialog suspended. Settlement of the Taiwan issue is entirely an internal affair of China. The Chinese government firmly opposes any country selling arms to Taiwan, or entering into military alliances in any form with Taiwan, as well as outside interference in any way. The Chinese government will do its utmost to achieve peaceful reunification, and advocates settling differences through dialogues and negotiations on the basis of the one-China principle. However, if a grave turn of events occurs leading to the separation of Taiwan from China in any name, or if Taiwan is invaded and occupied by foreign countries, or if the Taiwan authorities refuse, sine die, the peaceful settlement of cross-Straits reunification through negotiations, then the Chinese government will have no choice but to adopt all drastic measures possible, including the use of force, to safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and achieve the great cause of reunification. The "Taiwan independence" means provoking war again, and fomenting splits means relinquishing peace across the Straits. There is a Chinese old saying that weapons are lethal tools, wise man won’t use it if there is any other alternative. The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) unswervingly takes the will of the state as its supreme will and the national interests as its supreme interests. It has the absolute determination, confidence, ability and means to safeguard state sovereignty and territorial integrity, and will never tolerate, condone or remain indifferent to the realization of any scheme to divide the motherland.

Part II.  China’s Independent Foreign Policy of Peace
  The People’s Republic of China pursues an independent and peaceful foreign policy, which is embodied in these major considerations:
   --China independently decides on its approaches and policies regarding world affairs. It will never yield to any big power or group of countries. It will never establish military bloc, join in the arms race or seek military expansion. It opposes hegemonism and power politics.
  --China’s foreign policy is designed to maintain world peace and create a peaceful international environment for the nation’s modernization efforts.
   --China develops relations with all countries on the basis of the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
   --The foundation of China’s foreign policy is to strengthen solidarity and cooperation with developing countries of the Third World and develop friendly relations with neighboring countries.
   --China advocates the establishment of international relations and a new international political and economic order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
    China has unswervingly followed the independent foreign policy of peace. We have helped to safeguard the fundamental interests of China and other developing countries, thus winning the respect of the international community at large. We have adhered to the five principles of peaceful co-existence and have furthered the friendly relations and cooperation with other countries. Fresh progress has been made in the friendly relations and cooperation between China and other developing countries in the political, economic and other fields. Over the year, China and other developing countries have supported and cooperated closely with each other in major international affairs, with a view of jointly safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests and vigorously promoting the establishment of a just and reasonable new international political and economic order.

 Part III.  China’s National Defense Policy
   China pursues a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China has always attached primary importance to safeguarding state sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity and security, and has been working hard for a peaceful international and a favorable peripheral environment for China's socialist modernization drive. The development and powerfulness of China will constitute no threat to anyone, but will rather promote the world peace, stability and development. Never to seek hegemony is the Chinese people's solemn pledge to the world.
China's defense policy has the following main aspects:
-----Consolidating national defense, resisting aggression, curbing armed subversion, and defending state sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity and security. China's efforts in defense modernization are purely for self-defense. China spares no effort to avoid and curb war, and to solve international disputes and questions left over by history through peaceful means. However, in view of the fact that hegemonism and power politics still exist and are further developing, and in particular, the basis for the country's peaceful reunification is seriously imperiled, China will have to enhance its capability to defend its sovereignty and security by military means.
  -----Building and consolidating national defense independently and through self-reliance. China stresses self-reliance as the basis for safeguarding state security, and insists on making national defense policies and development strategies independently. China does not seek alliance with any country or bloc of countries, nor does it participate in any military bloc. China builds its defense science, technology and industry and develops its weaponry through self-reliance.
 -----Implementing the military strategy of active defense. Strategically, China pursues a principle featuring defensive operations, self-defense and gaining mastery by striking only after the enemy has struck. Such defense combines efforts to deter war with preparations to win self-defense wars in time of peace, and strategic defense with operational and tactical offensive operations in time of war. While basing themselves on existing weaponry and carrying forward their fine traditions, China's armed forces seek to adapt to profound changes in the world's military sphere, and prepare for defensive operations under modern, especially high-tech, conditions.
 ----- Building a lean and strong military force the Chinese way. In line with the general requirements of being qualified politically, competent militarily, and having a fine work style, a strong sense of discipline and adequate logistical support, the Chinese armed forces strive to strengthen their overall development and form a revolutionized, modernized and regularized people's army with Chinese characteristics. China adheres to building the armed forces by enhancing their quality, strengthening the armed forces by relying on science and technology, and managing the armed forces according to law, and is endeavoring to transform its armed forces from a numerically superior to a qualitatively superior type, and from a manpower-intensive to a technology-intensive type, as well as to train high-quality military personnel and improve the modernization level of weaponry in order to comprehensively enhance the armed forces' combat effectiveness.
 ------Combining the armed forces with the people and practicing self-defense by the whole people. China adheres to the concept of people's war under modern conditions, and exercises the combination of a streamlined standing army with a powerful reserve force for national defense. The reserve force and militia are maintained at an appropriate scale, with an optimized structure and an enhanced level of training. In the light of the principle of combining peacetime footing with wartime footing and the army with the people, and having reserve soldiers among the people, China works hard to popularize and promote defense education, perfect the defense mobilization system and enhance the defense mobilization capacity.
 ------ Subordinating national defense to, and placing it in the service of, the nation's overall economic construction, and achieving their coordinated development. Developing the economy and strengthening national defense are two strategic tasks in China's modernization efforts. The Chinese government insists that economic development be taken as the central task, while defense work be subordinate to and in the service of the nation's overall economic construction. Meanwhile, along with economic development, the state strives to enhance its national defense strength, to effectively support the armed forces in their efforts to improve their quality and to form a mechanism that enables national defense and economic development to promote each other and develop in harmony.
 ------Safeguarding world peace, and opposing aggression and expansion. China resolutely opposes hegemonism and power politics, and combats the policies of war, aggression and expansion. China also objects to any country imposing in any form its own political system and ideology on other countries. China does not seek military expansion, nor does it station troops or set up military bases in any foreign country. China opposes arms race, and supports the international community in its efforts to promote world and regional peace, security and stability.
China possesses a small number of nuclear weapons entirely for self-defense. China undertakes not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states. China does not participate in any nuclear arms race, and never deploys any nuclear weapons beyond its borders. China maintains a small but effective nuclear counterattacking force in order to deter possible nuclear attacks by other countries. Any such attack will inevitably result in a retaliatory nuclear counterstrike by China. China has always kept the number of its nuclear weapons at a low level. The scale, composition and development of China's nuclear force are in line with China's military strategy of active defense. China's nuclear force is under the direct command of the Central Military Commission (CMC). China is extremely cautious and responsible in the management of its nuclear weapons, and has established strict rules and regulations and taken effective measures to ensure the safety and security of its nuclear weapons.

Part VI. Sino-Indonesian Bilateral Relations
The friendly exchanges and cultural and relative links between Chinese and Indonesian people dated back to 2000 years ago. After the establishment the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949,Indonesia became the 11th country in the world and the first among ASEAN members to establish diplomatic relations with China. Due to the reason of the Cold War, the bilateral relations has suspended for 23 years, but the friendly feeling between our two peoples has never been severed. With the development of exchanges, understanding and trust, the diplomatic relations was resumed in1990. For ten years, the bilateral relations have achieved enormous development. The two governments and two people are making efforts jointly to establish comprehensive cooperative relations toward new century. In 2000, for example, over 100 delegations from both countries exchanged visits and the amount of bilateral trade reached $ 7 billion, an increase by 40 % of the record in 1999, which was $ 4.8 billion. While strengthening the friendship and enhancing cooperation, some restrictions limiting the development of bilateral relations have been lifted. At the turn of century, China-Indonesia relations are faced with important opportunities for further improvement and growth. The two sides reaffirmed their willingness to consolidate further the existing traditional friendship on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and the Ten Principles of the Bandung  Conference, and reiterated their joint commitment to the establishment and development of a long-term and stable relationship of good-neighborliness, mutual trust and all-round cooperation. We will join the efforts with Indonesian side to achieve a more in-depth and comprehensive development of the bilateral relations. I hold the view that our two sides should strengthen the work in the following aspects:
   First, strengthening the multi-level exchanges of the two countries. In addition to exchanges of high-level visits and contacts, promote exchanges of various forms between officials of members of government departments, political parties, parliaments, military circles, media, science and technology circles, academic circles and NGO agencies to enhance mutual understanding and promote all-round development of friendship, good-neighborliness and cooperation between China and Indonesia.
   Second, strengthening the cooperation in the fields of economic, trade, science and technology. Bring into full play of the advantages of natural and personnel resources of both countries and supply each other’s need with mutual benefits to push bilateral trade, investment and science and technological cooperation to a higher level. On this aspect, the cooperation between our two armed forces also has broad fields.
   Third, strengthen the cooperation in international and regional affairs. We are ready to strengthen consultation and coordination with Indonesia at UN and other multilateral forum to safeguard the interests of developing countries together.
   We are confident that with the joint efforts of our two sides, we will make greater development and breakthrough in China-Indonesia relations and will bring a more substantial and friendly relation into 21st century. As a friendly neighbor, China firmly supports Indonesia’s national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and wishes Indonesia social stability, national harmony, economic prosperity, and Indonesian people live in peace and contentment.
   Both China and Indonesia are developing countries, we hold the similar or identical views on many magnificent international issues including the maintenance of the UN Charter, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, the Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference and other universally-recognized basic principles of the international relations, and the construction of a new just and rational international political and economic order. We both advocate to stick to the developing road which accords with our own national situations. Over a long period of time, China and Indonesia have been thympathising  and supporting each other in the multi-lateral fora such as UN, WTO, APEC and ASEM, etc., with our cooperation and coordination undergoing smoothly. Both China and Indonesia oppose the intervention in the internal affairs of other countries on the pretext of humanitarian concerns or any other issues, insisting that human rights issues could not be dealt with at the sacrifice of the principles of state sovereignty and equality between state sovereignties. China is willing to strengthen consultation and cooperation with Indonesia in the United Nations and other international forum to jointly uphold and maintain truth, justice and the interests of the developing countries.
Finally, it is my hope that China and Indonesia establish a long term and stable partnership on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and Ten Principles of Bandung Conference,so as to enter the 21st century together with a new image. Now we enjoy friendly relationship between our two armed forces, with regular exchange of high level visits by military delegations and some cooperation in equipment. I firmly believe that the friendship and cooperation between the armed forces of our two countries will consolidate and develop steadily.
 Thank you!